Plasmonics has aroused tremendous interest in photophysics, nanophotonics, and metamaterials. The extreme field concentration of plasmonics offers the ultimate spatial and temporal light control, single-particle detection, and optical modulation. Plasmon decay of metal nanostructures into hot carriers extends the application into photocatalysis, photodetectors, photovoltaics, and ultrafast nanooptics. The generated hot electron–hole pairs are transferred into adjacent dielectrics, well known to be more efficient than the hot carrier generation in dielectrics by direct photoexcitations. However, plasmon-induced hot-carrier-based devices are far from practical applications due to the low quantum yield of hot carrier extraction. Emergent challenges include low hot carrier generation efficiency in metals, rapid energy loss of hot carriers, and severe charge recombination at the metal/dielectric interface. In this review, we provide a fundamental insight into the hot carrier generation, transport, injection, and diffusion into dielectrics based on the steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic studies as well as theoretical calculations. Strategies to enhance hot carrier generation in metals and electron transfer into dielectrics are discussed in detail. Then, applications based on hot carrier transfer are introduced briefly. Finally, we provide our suggestions on future research endeavors. We believe this review will provide a valuable overall physical picture of plasmon-induced hot carrier applications for researchers.

在静止场景下普通的图像滤波算法就能够有效抑制噪声，而在运动状态下，现有的滤波算法难以保证去噪的有效性，还会产生拖尾现象；采用运动补偿的滤波算法，又无法有效地抑制噪声。针对以上问题，提出一种基于时空域滤波的视频去噪算法，并在现场可编程逻辑门阵列（Field Programmable Gate Array，FPGA）平台上实现。该算法主要运用高斯差分滤波提取图像特征，再用空域滤波抑制高频噪声，采用反馈的方式对分割出的图像区域采用不同的去噪策略。硬件实现的关键是利用高层次综合（High-level Synthesis，HLS）工具简化编程、DDR3控制模块操作视频流在各模块间输入输出。实验结果表明：该算法能有效去噪，不同场景下，相比基于非下采样轮廓波变换的去噪算法，峰值信噪比最多可提升15 dB；将算法移植到FPGA后，峰值信噪比相比于MATLAB软件仿真相差约0.3 dB，运行时间缩短71.5%以上，在兼顾实时性的同时达到了较好的可见光视频去噪效果。

为研究电脉冲触发真空沿面闪络开关在中、小通流条件下的适用性，基于直接镀铜基板工艺制作了真空沿面闪络开关样件并搭建了开关工作特性测试实验平台。通过实验手段初步研究了开关耐压特性、触发工作特性（触发延时、抖动、工作范围）和寿命特性。实验结果表明：有效间隙7.2 mm的真空沿面闪络开关直流耐压约40 kV；开关在18 kV工作电压下触发导通延时89.9 ns，抖动13.1 ns，开关在1～18 kV工作电压范围内均能可靠触发导通；连续考核约2300次后开关各项特性无明显变化。

金属表面等离激元是光与金属表面自由电子集体振荡耦合形成的一种表面电磁模式，具有突破衍射极限的光传输能力和纳米尺度的电磁能量局域效应。然而，亚波长、高局域的金属表面等离激元也同时呈现出能量损耗较高的特性，这使得等离激元光子器件的实用化仍然面临严峻挑战。碱金属作为等离激元领域的新材料，具有众多优异的性质，使之成为突破贵金属（金和银）光频损耗极限可能的材料体系之一。总结了金属表面等离激元的基本光学性质及其研究进展，在当前等离激元损耗研究的基础上，重点归纳了碱金属等离激元损耗的理论分析方法，并分析了碱金属等离激元的实验进展与当前需要解决的问题，为碱金属等离激元学的进一步发展提供了思路。

Large area and uniform monolayer MoS2 is of great importance for optoelectronic devices but is commonly suffering from rather weak photoluminescence. Here, by engineering the concentration profiles of gaseous chemicals through extra trace amounts of water, we demonstrate the uniform dendrite-type growth of monolayer MoS2 unraveled by spatially resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, which exhibits macroscopic monolayer flakes (up to centimeter scale) with photoluminescence intensity of orders of magnitude higher than conventional chemical vapor deposition monolayer MoS2. Both spectroscopic evidence and theoretical models reveal that the fast-fractal dendrite growth can be ascribed to the extra introduced water sources that generate sufficient aqueous gas around the S-poor regions nearby the central-axis zone, leading to highly efficient Mo sources transport, accelerated S atom corrosion nearby grain edges, and/or defect sites, as well as enhanced photoemission intensity. Our results may provide new insight for high throughput fabrication of MoS2 monolayers with high yield photoluminescence efficiency.

The quantum properties of quantum measurements are indispensable resources in quantum information processing and have drawn extensive research interest. The conventional approach to revealing quantum properties relies on the reconstruction of entire measurement operators by quantum detector tomography. However, many specific properties can be determined by a part of the matrix components of the measurement operators, which makes it possible to simplify the characterization process. We propose a general framework to directly obtain individual matrix elements of the measurement operators by sequentially measuring two noncompatible observables. This method allows us to circumvent the complete tomography of the quantum measurement and extract the required information. We experimentally implement this scheme to monitor the coherent evolution of a general quantum measurement by determining the off-diagonal matrix elements. The investigation of the measurement precision indicates the good feasibility of our protocol for arbitrary quantum measurements. Our results pave the way for revealing the quantum properties of quantum measurements by selectively determining the matrix components of the measurement operators.

Dynamic plasmonics with the real-time active control capability of plasmonic resonances attracts much interest in the communities of physics, chemistry, and material science. Among versatile reconfigurable strategies for dynamic plasmonics, electrochemically driven strategies have garnered most of the attention. We summarize three primary strategies to enable electrochemically dynamic plasmonics, including structural transformation, carrier-density modulation, and electrochemically active surrounding-media manipulation. The reconfigurable microstructures, optical properties, and underlying physical mechanisms are discussed in detail. We also summarize the most promising applications of dynamic plasmonics, including smart windows, structural color displays, and chemical sensors. We suggest more research efforts toward the widespread applications of dynamic plasmonics.